📊 Full opportunity report: Raw-feed licensing. The contract that doesn’t exist yet. on ThorstenMeyerAI.com — validation score, market gap, and execution plan.

TL;DR

The AI industry lacks a standardized contract for raw-feed licensing for downstream rewriting, creating a significant legal and economic gap. This issue mirrors historic copyright struggles and has implications for future licensing frameworks.

There is currently no industry-standard contract for raw-feed licensing for downstream AI rewriting, despite the existence of licensing agreements for training data and display rights. This gap is creating a structural conflict in the AI ecosystem, with significant legal and economic implications.

In 2026, the AI industry operates under a three-category licensing framework: training-data licensing, display licensing, and raw-feed licensing for downstream rewriting. While the first two categories are well-established with recognized contracts and pricing models, the third remains undefined. The missing contract is critical because the unit economics of AI rewriting—costs per rewrite estimated between $0.005 and $0.02—closely mirror the economics of music streaming royalties, which have been governed by statutory licensing since 1909.

Sources such as Thorsten Meyer highlight that the absence of a formal contract for raw-feed licensing stems from a structural reluctance among industry players—AI labs, publishers, wire cooperatives, and search engines—to establish a fair and comprehensive licensing framework. This reluctance persists despite the clear economic signals and the need for statutory regulation, similar to historical precedents in copyright law, notably the 1909 Copyright Act and subsequent legislative updates.

The lack of a formal contract leads to a mispricing of derivative work, potential legal disputes, and an uneven playing field. Industry insiders suggest that the gap resembles the legal limbo faced by music rights before statutory licensing was established, with the key challenge being how to set fair, scalable, and enforceable terms for downstream use of raw feeds.

Raw-Feed Licensing: The Contract That Doesn’t Exist Yet — Thorsten Meyer AI
FEED
● DISPATCH / MAY 2026
THORSTEN MEYER AI · POST-WIRE · § 02
POST-WIRE · 02
NEWS / LICENSING ECONOMICS
Essay · Contract-Forensic Analysis · 2026-05-17

Raw-Feed Licensing:
The Contract That
Doesn’t Exist Yet

Training-data licensing is contracted. Display licensing is contracted. The third category — the post-wire one — has no contract.
Spotify pays songwriters ~$0.004 per stream. Apple Music pays ~$0.008. The Copyright Royalty Board under Phonorecords IV sets the all-in mechanical streaming royalty at 15.1% (2023) → 15.35% (2027) of platform revenue. Per-rewrite LLM inference cost lands in the same band: $0.003–$0.02, local open-weight to higher-tier cloud. The numbers collide, and the contract category that should price them against each other — raw-feed licensing for downstream per-audience rewrite — has not been written. This piece walks through what the contract should specify, why it isn’t there, and who structurally doesn’t want it written.
$0.004
Avg Spotify per-stream
royalty (2025)
$0.003
Per-rewrite inference cost
local Mac fleet, open-weight
15.35%
Phonorecords IV mechanical
streaming rate by 2027
$3B+
MLC payouts since 2021
(scaffolding scale)
SPOTIFY $0.004/STREAM· APPLE MUSIC $0.008/STREAM· TIDAL $0.01284/STREAM· YOUTUBE MUSIC ~$0.005-0.007· PHONORECORDS IV 15.1%→15.35%· MECHANICAL RATE 12.7¢ (2025)· 1909 COPYRIGHT ACT· 1976 REVISION· DPRA 1995· MMA 2018· MLC $3B PAYOUTS· TOLLBIT 7000 SITES· TOLLBIT $24M SERIES A· 730% BOT-PAYWALL GROWTH· ARC XP 2000+ PROPERTIES· CHATGPT 87.8% AI-BOT TRAFFIC· RAW-FEED CONTRACT MISSING· SPOTIFY $0.004/STREAM· APPLE MUSIC $0.008/STREAM· TIDAL $0.01284/STREAM· YOUTUBE MUSIC ~$0.005-0.007· PHONORECORDS IV 15.1%→15.35%· MECHANICAL RATE 12.7¢ (2025)· 1909 COPYRIGHT ACT· 1976 REVISION· DPRA 1995· MMA 2018· MLC $3B PAYOUTS· TOLLBIT 7000 SITES· TOLLBIT $24M SERIES A· 730% BOT-PAYWALL GROWTH· ARC XP 2000+ PROPERTIES· CHATGPT 87.8% AI-BOT TRAFFIC· RAW-FEED CONTRACT MISSING·
FIG. 01 — THE THREE LICENSE CATEGORIES
Two contracts written, one missing
The AI-publisher licensing market sorts into three structural categories — and only two are contracted today
CATEGORY A
Training-data
Archive-shaped · One-shot · Fixed term
AP–OpenAI 2023 (archive 1985→)
Reddit–OpenAI 2024
Stack Overflow–OpenAI 2024
Shutterstock multi-deal
CATEGORY B
Display
Chat-shaped · Attribution-bound · Brand-tier priced
News Corp–OpenAI $250M/5yr
News Corp–Meta $150M/3yr
Axel Springer ~$13M/yr
FT $5–10M/yr · AP–Google
CATEGORY C
Raw-feed-rewrite
Post-wire-shaped · Per-audience derivative-work production
Mistral–AFP (2,300/day, structurally close but priced as display+RAG)

No standard contract.
No Standard
Contract
Training-data and display licensing assume the AI is a destination. Raw-feed-for-rewrite assumes the AI is an intermediate layer producing N derivative works for N downstream publication endpoints. That use case has no industry-standard pricing unit, no industry-standard attribution requirement, no industry-standard audit infrastructure. It just happens, unlicensed, in the gap.
FIG. 02 — THE COST COLLISION
Per-stream music royalty vs. per-rewrite inference cost
Both are units of derivative-work production at scale — and they sit in the same numerical neighbourhood
A · Music streaming royalty per stream · 2025
Spotify (avg)
$0.004
Apple Music (avg)
$0.008
Amazon Music
$0.006
YouTube Music Premium
$0.006
Tidal (highest)
$0.01284
Band: $0.003 — $0.013 per unit
B · Per-rewrite LLM inference · 600-word source
Local open-weight (Mac fleet)
$0.003
Cloud commodity (Haiku/4o-mini)
$0.007
Cloud mid-tier
$0.012
Cloud higher-tier
$0.020
50-site fan-out total
< $1
Band: $0.003 — $0.020 per unit
The collision is structural, not coincidental. Both rates are derivative-work production units operating at the same scale-economics — variable cost per piece of content, distributed across a pooled audience. If raw-feed licensing settled at a per-rewrite royalty in the same band ($0.005–$0.02), the wire cooperatives would have a defensible economic floor and the AI side would have a defensible variable-cost line item. Neither party has proposed this publicly.
FIG. 03 — THE 1909 PRECEDENT
The legal scaffolding music has and news doesn’t
117 years of statutory rate-setting, compulsory licensing, and collective collection infrastructure
1908
White-Smith Music Publishing v. Apollo — Supreme Court rules piano rolls aren’t “copies” of sheet music because humans can’t read them. Songwriters lose; mechanical reproduction unregulated.
1909
Copyright Act of 1909 — Congress overrides the Court; creates first compulsory mechanical license at 2¢ per unit. The original statutory rate-setting precedent.
1976
Copyright Act revision — Rate raised from 2¢ to 2.75¢ after 67 years frozen. Section 115 framework retained. Compulsory licensing extended to new media.
1995
Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act — Extends mechanical licensing to digital downloads. Acknowledges new technology forms.
2018
Music Modernization Act — Establishes the Mechanical Licensing Collective. Blanket licensing for digital streaming services. Centralised collection infrastructure.
2023–27
Phonorecords IV (CRB) — Sets all-in mechanical streaming royalty rate at 15.1%→15.35% of platform revenue. Current statutory mechanical rate 12.7¢ per track.
2026
News raw-feed licensing — No statutory rate. No compulsory licensing regime. No central collective. No CRB-equivalent. The contract category exists structurally but has no scaffolding underneath it.
The pattern across 117 years: technology outruns licensing, lawsuit fails to protect rights-holders, Congress intervenes statutorily, rate-setting body resolves per-unit pricing, collective handles administration. News raw-feed licensing is currently at the “technology outruns licensing” step. The intervening steps will, on historical pattern, eventually follow — but they take decades. The Bartz $1.5B settlement and the NYT v. Perplexity complaint are the early lawsuit-failure-to-protect signals.
FIG. 04 — THE TOLLBIT GAP
The closest existing infrastructure stops short of raw-feed
TollBit operates ~7,000 publisher sites with two license types — neither addresses the post-wire category
LICENSE TYPE
USE CASE COVERED
STATUS
Summarization
AI cites or grounds an answer once with a single use of the page. Pricing per 1,000 pages accessed. RPM benchmark.
Contracted
via TollBit
Full Display
AI displays the complete text of an article once within its product. Per-1,000-pages pricing benchmarked against syndication rates.
Contracted
via TollBit
Model Training
Use of the content to train or fine-tune an AI model. TollBit explicitly does not permit either license type to extend to training.
Excluded
by both licenses
Raw-feed-rewrite
AI ingests the source feed and produces N differentiated rewrites for N downstream publication endpoints. The post-wire use case.
Not offered
as a license type
TollBit (founded 2023, ~7,000 publisher sites including TIME, Fast Company, Washington Post Arc XP, $24M Lightspeed Series A on top of seed) is the most-built piece of the raw-feed licensing infrastructure: detection, metering, rate-setting per 1,000 pages, payment routing, MCP-server integration. What the platform doesn’t have yet is the license category. Bot-paywall adoption grew 730% Q4 2024 → Q1 2025; ~20% of publishers earn revenue, in the hundreds-to-tens-of-thousands per month range. Necessary infrastructure, insufficient contract category.
FIG. 05 — FIVE CONTRACT SHAPES
What the missing contract could look like
Five plausible structures, scored on near-term feasibility · none currently leading
SH.
CONTRACT SHAPE
PRICING UNIT
NEAR-TERM
A
Per-rewrite royaltyMusic-streaming-mapped, pro-rata pool possible
$0.005–0.02 / rewrite
Medium
B
Per-source-story flat feeModified wire-subscription, simpler administration
Tiered $/story
High
C
Per-endpoint subscriptionExtension of existing AP/Reuters subscription model
$/endpoint/yr
Medium
D
Revenue-share on AI trafficAligns dollars with realised value · audit-heavy
% of attributed rev
Low
E
Statutory compulsory licenseCRB-equivalent for news · 1909-act-shaped
Statutory rate
Low (slow)
Near-term feasibility is not the same as long-term likelihood. The historical pattern (mechanical, broadcast, cable) suggests Shape E — statutory compulsory licensing — is where these gaps eventually settle, but on a 5–15 year timeline. The near-term outcomes (Shape A or B) will set the precedent the statutory regime eventually formalises. Whoever drafts the first major Shape A or B contract has disproportionate influence on what Shape E ends up codifying a decade later.
Per-stream music royalty and per-rewrite inference cost are in the same numerical neighbourhood because both are units of derivative-work production at scale. The contract that should price them against each other does not exist yet.
Thorsten Meyer · Raw-Feed Licensing · Post-Wire 02

Implications of the Contract Gap for AI and Copyright Law

This missing contract threatens to create legal uncertainty and economic inefficiencies in the AI industry. Without clear licensing terms, disputes over attribution, derivative work rights, and revenue sharing are likely to increase, potentially leading to litigation or regulatory intervention. Establishing a standardized framework is essential for sustainable growth, fair compensation, and legal clarity, mirroring the historical evolution of music licensing and copyright law.

Amazon

AI raw feed licensing contracts

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Historical and Industry Context of Raw-feed Licensing

Currently, the AI industry operates with established licensing for training data and display rights, which are contracted at industry-recognized rates. However, the third category—raw-feed licensing for downstream rewriting—lacks a formal, standardized contract. Historically, copyright law has evolved from the 1909 Act through various legislative and regulatory updates, culminating in the current statutory licensing system for music, which has paid out over $3 billion since 2021. The gap in AI licensing reflects a similar moment of legal and economic transition, where the industry must develop new contractual frameworks to address derivative works at scale.

Industry negotiations are ongoing, with some companies advocating for a per-rewrite royalty similar to music streaming rates, while others prefer flat fees or revenue sharing models. The absence of a consensus has delayed the development of a formal contract, leaving the industry vulnerable to legal disputes and regulatory scrutiny.

“The missing contract category for raw-feed licensing is a structural gap that echoes the early 20th-century copyright struggles, and its resolution is critical for the industry’s future.”

— Thorsten Meyer

Amazon

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Unresolved Issues in Developing Raw-feed Licensing Contracts

It remains unclear what specific contractual form will ultimately be adopted—whether a per-rewrite royalty, flat fee, revenue share, or statutory licensing—and how industry stakeholders will reconcile differing interests. The timing for the development and adoption of such a contract is also uncertain, as negotiations continue and regulatory pressures mount. Additionally, the legal precedent for this specific type of licensing is still being established, making future developments unpredictable.

Amazon

AI data licensing agreement

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Next Steps Toward Formalizing Raw-feed Licensing Agreements

Industry stakeholders are expected to continue negotiations over the next 12-18 months, with regulatory bodies potentially stepping in to facilitate or mandate a licensing framework. Legal scholars and policymakers are closely monitoring the situation, considering whether statutory licensing mechanisms similar to those in music will be adapted for AI. The development of pilot contracts or industry standards may serve as catalysts for broader adoption, but significant disagreements remain.

Amazon

AI downstream rewriting tools

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Key Questions

Why does the industry lack a standard contract for raw-feed licensing?

Because industry stakeholders—AI labs, publishers, wire cooperatives, and search engines—prefer to maintain control over the licensing terms that favor their interests, and no consensus has been reached on the appropriate pricing and rights structure. Historically, this gap resembles early copyright disputes before statutory licensing was established.

What are the main options being considered for the missing contract?

Options include a per-rewrite royalty similar to music streaming rates, flat fees, revenue-sharing arrangements, or statutory compulsory licensing. The industry has yet to agree on which model best balances economic fairness and legal enforceability.

How could the lack of a contract impact AI development?

Without clear licensing terms, companies may face legal disputes, uncertain costs, and potential regulatory intervention, which could slow innovation and create barriers to scaling AI applications.

Is there any precedent for resolving this licensing gap?

The closest precedent is the evolution of music licensing, which transitioned from legal disputes to a statutory framework regulated by the Copyright Royalty Board. Similar processes may be needed for AI raw-feed licensing.

When might a formal contract or regulation be established?

Industry negotiations and potential regulatory actions are expected over the next 12-18 months, but a definitive legal framework could take several years to formalize.

Source: ThorstenMeyerAI.com

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